Fig. 1

High-throughput immune assessment for biomarker discovery and personalized cancer immunotherapy. Immunologically-ignorant and immunologically-responsive tumors are classified by the presence of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Potential biomarkers identified from high-throughput technologies can further differentiate these tumors by the mutation load, gene/protein/antibody signature profile, phenotype and function of immune cells, and can also provide clinical strategies for personalized cancer immunotherapies. The new and innovative technologies that can be utilized to identify potential biomarkers include whole exome sequencing, gene signature, epigenetic modification, protein microarray, B/T cell receptor repertoire, flow/mass cytometry and multicolor IHC. Arrows indicate a decrease (↓) or increase (↑)