Fig. 2

Metabolic reprogramming in M1 and M2 macrophage. LPS-induced M1 macrophages are inflammatory and generate pro-inflammatory cytokine by activation NF-κB and HIFα. M1-like macrophages display increased glycolysis to product lactate and decreased mitochondrial OXPHOS activity. M1-like macrophages also induce PPP to increase generation of NADPH for ROS production and NO synthesis. In contrast, IL4-polarized M2 macrophages activate STAT6 to induce PGC-1β and PPARδ/γ, which promote the expression of anti-inflammatory and metabolic genes. Thus, M2-like macrophages exhibit increased high rates of FAO and mitochondrial OXPHOS activity