Fig. 1

Current potential pipelines of whole exome sequencing for neoantigen discovery and precision oncology. After sample collection, whole exome sequencing can be performed on both tumor and non-transformed cells from the same patient. Once tumor specific mutations are identified, RNA-seq can be utilized to determine the level of expression of the mutations. Computational tools and/or a tandem minigene library are used to identify the neoepitopes, T cell assays to narrow down the true immunogenic neoepitope for efficient assessment and precise prediction and neoantigen vaccination targets. Neoantigen discovery also provides guidance for adaptive neoantigen T cell transfer therapy and combination immunotherapy