Adjuvants for peptide-based cancer vaccines

Table 2 Examples of class 2 adjuvants (immunopotentiators)

	Receptor	Target cells	Stage of development (not comprehensive) in cancer vaccine
“stepping on the gas”
Pam₃CSK₄	TLR2	DC, M$, lymphocytes	Preclinical
Poly-ICLC	TLR3	cDC, M$, epithelial cells	Several clinical trials for different cancers.
MPLA	TLR4	cDC, M$, epithelial cells, fibroblasts	Clinical trial phase 2
Imiquimod	TLR7/8	pDC, B cells, M$, monocytes	Clinically approved for treating basal cell carcinoma. Multiple clinical trials in combination with vaccine for different cancers.
CpG	TLR9	pDc, B cells	Multiple clinical trials
IL-2	IL-2Ra/p/y	T, B and NK cells	Clinically approved for treating renal carcinoma and melanoma. Multiple clinical trials in combination with vaccine for different cancers.
GM-CSF	GM-CSFR	many	Multiple clinical trials in combination with vaccine and checkpoint blockades for different cancers.
IFNs	IFNR	many	Multiple clinical trials
CDNs	STING	many	Preclinical
“releasing the brake”
a-PD1 Ab	PD-1	T, B and NK cells	Clinically approved for different cancers.
a-CTLA4 Ab	CTLA-4	T cells	Clinically approved for melanoma, under multiple clinical trials for different cancers.