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Table 1 Select cases of severe myositis associated with CTLA-4 and/or PD-1 axis inhibitors

From: Progressive hypoventilation due to mixed CD8+ and CD4+ lymphocytic polymyositis following tremelimumab - durvalumab treatment

Drug(s)

Description

↑CK?

ASM IgG?

Onset (wks)

Treatment

Trial

Reference

Ipilimumab + nivolumab

Polymyositis with respiratory involvement

Yes

Yes

3

Corticosteroid, infliximab, IVIG, Pex

NCT01928394

[35]

Nivolumab

Myositis with respiratory failure

Yes

–

7

Corticosteroid

–

[36]

Nivolumab

Myasthenia crisis and polymyositis requiring ventilation

Yes

No

2

Corticosteroid, Pex, IVIG pyridostigmine

–

[19]

Pembrolizumab

Polyarticular tenosynovitis and proximal myositis

No

–

56

Sulfasalazine

NCT01295827

[37]

Pembrolizumab

Exacerbation of preexisting myositis

Yes

–

1

IVIG

–

[38]

Ipilimumab

Dermatomyositis

Yes

–

2

Corticosteroid

–

[39]

Pembrolizumab / ipilimumab

Rhabdomyolysis associated with hypothyroidism

Yes

–

6

Levothyroxine

–

[40]

Ipilimumab

Combined myasthenia and myositis with AChR

Yes

Yes

7

Corticosteroid, IVIG

–

[26]

Ipilimumab

Retrobulbar weakness with proximal myositis.

Yes

Yes

7

Corticosteroid, IVIG

–

[3]

Ipilimumab

Orbital myositis associated with ipilimumab

–

–

12

Corticosteroid

–

[41]

Tremelimumab + durvalumab

Described in text.

No

Yes

4

Corticosteroid, Pex, IVIG

NCT02000947

 
  1. Abbreviations: ASM, anti-striated muscle antibody, NCT national clinical trials identifier number, Pex plasma exchange, IVIG intravenous immunoglobulin G, AChR acetylcholine receptor antibody, CK creatine kinase, wks weeks