Table 2 Studies that investigated the effects of combining radiofrequency ablation with immunomodulation and their results
From: Immuno-thermal ablations – boosting the anticancer immune response
Radiofrequency Ablation and Immunotherapy | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reference | Tumor Model | Immunotherapy | Endpoints | RFA Monotherapy | Combination Therapy |
Behm, B., et al. [31] | VX2 Rabbit Liver Cancer | CpG B | Mean Animal Survival After Inoculation | 97.3 Days (Range: 76–120) (p < 0.05 versus Control) | 113.9 Days (Range: 89–120) (p < 0.05 versus Control & Monotherapy) |
Tumor Specific Lymphocyte Stimulation Index 2 Weeks After Treatment | 88.49 SI (39.30 StdDev) (p < 0.05 versus Control) | 103.43 SI (55.55 StdDev) (p < 0.05 versus Control) | |||
Cytolytic Activity 2 Weeks After TreatmentNS | 487.79 RLU (148.69 StdDev) (Not Significant versus Control) | 972.72 RLU (362.77 StdDev) (p < 0.05 versus Control) | |||
Rechallenge With Malignant Cells to Animals Surviving 160 Days | All Animals Developed Pulmonary Metastases | Pulmonary Metastases Developed in 2 out of 6 Animals | |||
den Brok, M.H., et al. [10] | B16OVA Murine Melanoma | Anti-CTLA-4 Antibodies | OVA Rechallenge to Animals Surviving 40 Days | Used as Control with Sham IgG Antibodies | Significant Increase in Percentage Survival Versus Control (p < 0.05) |
OVA kb Tetramer Positive CD8b + T Cells After 10 Days | 0.1% of CD8b + T Cells | 4.2% of CD8b + T Cells | |||
Anti-CD25 Antibodies | OVA Rechallenge to Animals Surviving 40 Days | Used as Control with Sham IgG Antibodies | Significant Increase in Percentage Survival Versus Control (p < 0.05) | ||
OVA kb Tetramer Positive CD8b + T Cells After 10 Days | 0.1% of CD8b + T Cells | 2.8% of CD8b + T Cells | |||
Dromi, S.A., et al. [36] | MB49 Murine Urothethial Carcinoma | Intratumoral Injection of Immature Ex-Vivo Dendritic Cells | Median Tumor Volume Change | Significant Volume Loss Versus Control (p < 0.05 versus Control) | No Significance Established Versus Control or Monotherapy (p = 0.07) |
Nakagawa, H., et al. [38] | MC38 Murine Colon Cancer | Local Injection of OK-432 Stimulated Dendritic Cells | Mean Tumor Volume 10 Days After Treatment | No Significant Established Versus Control | Significant Volume Loss Versus Monotherapy (p < 0.001) |
CD4+ T Cell Infiltration into Untreated Tumors 10 Days After Treatment | Significantly Increased Versus Control (p < 0.001) | Significantly Increased Versus Control & Monotherapy (p < 0.001) | |||
CD8+ T Cell Infiltration into Untreated Tumors 10 Days After Treatment | Significantly Increased Versus Control (p < 0.001) | Significantly Increased Versus Control & Monotherapy (p < 0.001) | |||
Liu, Q., et al. [39] | B16F10-luc Murine Melanoma | Heat-shocked Tumor Cell Lysate-pulsed Dendritic Cells | Percent Survival 100 Days After Treatment | No Data | Significantly Increased Versus Combination with Unheated Tumor Cell Lysate Pulsed DC’s (p < 0.01) |
IFN-γ Produced by CD+ T Cells Isolated From Draining Lymph Nodes After 2 Weeks | No Data | Significantly Increased Versus Combination with Unheated Tumor Cell Lysate Pulsed DC’s (p < 0.01) | |||
Gameiro, S.R., et al. [40] | MC38 CEA+ Murine Colon Cancer | Poxviral Vaccine Expressing CEA and a TRIad of Costimulatory Molecules (CEA/TRICOM) | Primary & Distal Tumor Burden at Day 24 | Combined Volume Significantly Reduced Versus Control (p < 0.0001) | Combined Volume Significantly Reduced Versus Monotherapy (p < 0.0054) |
Relapse Free Survival | 34.5% Animals Achieved Tumor Eradication 50% Subsequently Relapsed | 52% Animals Achieved Tumor Eradication 30.8% Subsequently Relapsed | |||
Iida, N., et al., [41] | BNL 1ME A.7R.1 Murine Hepatoma | Active Variant of CC Chemokine Ligand 3 (ECI301) | Tumor Volume After 14 Days | Significantly Reduced Compared to Control (p < 0.01) | Significantly Reduced Versus Monotherapy (p < 0.05) |
CD4+ & CD8+ T Cell Infiltration After 3 Days | Significantly Increased Versus Control (p < 0.01) | Significantly Increased Versus Monotherapy (p < 0.01) | |||
Shi, L., et al. [16] | CT26 Murine Colon Cancer | Anti-PD-1 Antibodies | Tumor Volume After 30 Days | No Significance Established Versus Control | Significantly Reduced Versus Monotherapy (p < 0.001) |
Total Survival After Inoculation | No Significance Established Versus Control | Significantly Prolonged Survival Versus Monotherapy (p < 0.001) | |||