Table 4 Studies that investigated the effects of combining microwave ablation with immunomodulation and their results
From: Immuno-thermal ablations – boosting the anticancer immune response
Microwave Ablation and Immunotherapy | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reference | Tumor Model | Immunotherapy | Endpoint | Ablation Monotherapy | Combination Therapy |
Li, L., et al. [42] | 4 T1 Murine Breast Cancer | OK-432 | Total Survival After Treatment | No Significance Established Versus Control | Significantly Prolonged Compared to Monotherapy (p < 0.001) |
Rechallenge to Surviving Mice 25 Days After Treatment | No Data | Significantly Decreased Tumor Volume Versus Control After 25 Days (p < 0.05) | |||
Infiltration of CD4+ T Cells Into Tumors | Significantly Increased Versus Control (p < 0.001) | Significantly Increased Versus Control NOT Monotherapy (p < 0.001) | |||
Infiltration of CD8+ T Cells Into Tumors | Significantly Increased Versus Control (p < 0.001) | Significantly Increased Versus Monotherapy (p < 0.001) | |||
Percentage of Splenic CD4+ T Cells | Significantly Increased Versus Control (p < 0.01) | Significantly Increased Versus Monotherapy (p < 0.05) | |||
Percentage of Splenic CD8+ T Cells | Significantly Increased Versus Control (p < 0.001) | Significantly Increased Versus Monotherapy (p < 0.01) | |||
Number of 4 T1 Specific IFN-γ Secreting Cells | Significantly Increased Versus Control (p < 0.001) | Significantly Increased Versus Monotherapy (p = 0.031) | |||
Ratio of Th1 to Th2 Cytokines Produced by CD4+ T Cells | No Significance Established Versus Control | Significantly Increased Versus Monotherapy (p < 0.05) | |||
Levels of Plasma IL-18 7 Days After Treatment | No Significance Established Versus Control | Significantly Increased Versus Monotherapy (p < 0.01) | |||
Levels of Plasma IL-2 7 Days After Treatment | No Significance Established Versus Control | Significantly Increased Versus Monotherapy (p < 0.05) | |||
Levels of Plasma IL-12 7 Days After Treatment | Significantly Increased Versus Control (p < 005) | Significantly Increased Versus Monotherapy (p < 0.01) | |||
Chen, Z., et al. [45] | Hepa 1–6 Murine Hepatoma | Intratumoral Microspheres Encapsulating GM-CSF | Tumor Free Survival Following Rechallenge to Animals Surviving 8 Weeks | Used as Control with Sham BSA Microspheres | Significant Increase in Percent Tumor Free Survival Versus Monotherapy After 6–7 Weeks (p < 0.01) |
Tumor Volume Following Rechallenge to Animals Surviving 8 Weeks | Used as Control with Sham BSA Microspheres | Significant Decrease Versus Monotherapy After 8 Weeks (p = 0.0183) | |||
GM-CSF Microspheres + Anti-CTLA-4 Antibodies | Tumor Free Survival Following Rechallenge to Animals Surviving 8 Weeks | MWA/GM-CSF/Sham IgG Antibodies Used as Control | Significant Increase in Percent Tumor Free Survival Versus Control After 6–7 Weeks (p = 0.0189) | ||
Tumor Volume Following Rechallenge to Animals Surviving 8 Weeks | MWA/GM-CSF/Sham IgG Antibodies Used as Control | Significant Decrease in Tumor Volume Versus Control After 8 Weeks (p < 0.02) | |||
Total Survival After Inoculation | MWA/GM-CSF/Sham IgG Antibodies Used as Control | Significantly Prolonged Compared to Control (p < 0.002) | |||