Fig. 3

Recombinant oncolytic viruses with transgenes conferring direct and indirect synergism with CAR T-cell adoptive cell transfer. A large variety of oncolytic viruses have been engineered to express transgenes capable of augmenting responses to CAR T-cell therapies applied to solid tumours. These entities may either directly or indirectly enhance CAR T-cell efficacy by modulating their recruitment and entry within the TME, their activation and ability to kill tumour cells, their proliferative capacity, longevity and capacity to adopt a central memory phenotype. Many of these strategies attempt to target the immunosuppressive agents illustrated in Fig. 4 or augment many of the immunostimulatory characteristics highlighted in Fig. 2. Items enclosed in square brackets are pharmaceutical agents that may be synergistically combined with OVs & CARs