Fig. 2

a Tumor size dynamics data and model predictions. Experimental data from Dovedi et al., 2017 [13]. b Tumor effects following depletion of CD8⁺ T cells. Experimental data from Dovedi et al., 2014 [12]. Black arrows: RT administration; blue arrows: anti-PD-L1 mAb administration. c Population model predictions of PD-L1 expression level dynamics, and corresponding measurements of PD-L1 MFI (mean fluorescence intensities) on tumor cells (CD45⁻). Comparisons of PD-L1 expression levels measured at Day 12–18 (blue boxes or dots) in experiments vs. corresponding model-based simulations (beige boxes). All values were normalized to PD-L1 absolute median values from the control group. Experimental data from Dovedi et al., 2017 [13]