Fig. 1

IL-12-LNP as an effective and non-toxic treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis comparing overall survival (OS) probabilities of HCC patients (n = 144) divided into two groups (High IL-12 and Low IL-12) based on their median expression of IL-12. P-value was calculated using the log-rank test. b Morphology of livers (left) and diagrammatic representation (right) of the transgenic mouse model of MYC-driven HCC used in the study, before and after MYC inactivation. White dotted circles represent examples of tumor nodules in the liver. c Biodelivery of IL-12 oligonucleotide therapy (IL-12-LNP) and corresponding controls (NST-LNP) designed by Onkaido, in HCC (tumor, left), whole liver (middle), and spleen (right). d Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) analysis of normal liver tissue surrounding tumors isolated from control (NST-LNP, n = 7) and IL-12 treated (IL-12-LNP, n = 7) HCC-bearing mice. One representative image is shown from each group of mice. Scale bars = 50 μm. e Quantitative real time PCR comparing mRNA levels of liver transaminases between NST-LNP (n = 7) and IL-12-LNP (n = 7) treated HCC-bearing mice. Each dot represents a single mouse and is the average of three technical replicates. Data are represented as median ± interquartile range. P-values were calculated using Student’s t-test. P values: ns = not significant, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001