Table 2 Serum/plasma levels of soluble receptors and ligands detected in different types of diseases and their correlations with prognosis or outcomes

sPD-1

HCC

n = 126

Multivariate

+

High levels of viral load and sPD-1 associated with increase in risk of HCC

[22]

RA (Rheumatoid arthritis)

n = 95

\

+

\

[85]

n = 82

\

–

\

[86]

ITP (Immune thrombocytopenia)

n = 67

\

–

\

[87]

HCV (Hepatitis C virus) infection

n = 63

\

+

\

[88]

AA (Aplastic anemia)

n = 80

\

+

\

[89]

Sepsis

n = 112

Multivariate

+

High levels associated with higher 28-day mortality

[90]

ARDS (Acute respiratory distress syndrome)

n = 10–13

\

+

\

[91]

sPD-L1

DLBCL

n = 288

Multivariate/ univariate

+

Elevated sPD-L1 experienced a poorer 3-year OS

[34]

NKTCL

n = 77

Multivariate/ univariate

+

High concentration associated with shorter survival

[38]

Oral squamous cell carcinoma

n = 82

Univariate

+

Higher levels associated with lower tumor cell differentiation

[41]

HL

n = 108

Multivariate

+

Higher levels associated with shorter progression-free survival

[42]

CE (Cystic echinococcosis)

n = 51

\

+

\

[44]

AR (Allergic rhinitis)

n = 90

Univariate

–

Lower levels associated with lower disease severity

[92]

T1DM (Type 1 diabetes mellitus)

n = 176

\

–

\

[93]

T2DM (Type 2 diabetes mellitus)

n = 125

Univariate

+

Higher levels associated with increased severity of diabetic atherosclerotic macrovascular diseases

[94]

sPD-L2

SSc (Systemic sclerosis)

n = 91

Univariate

+

Higher levels associated worse pulmonary fibrosis

[95]

sCTLA-4

B-ALL

n = 80

\

+

\

[50]

RA

n = 56

Univariate

+

Higher levels associated with higher disease activity

[96]

Chronic hepatitis

n = 81

\

+

\

[97]

T1DM

\

\

+

\

[98]

SpA (Spondyloarthropathies)

n = 165

Univariate

+

Higher levels associated with higher disease activity

[99]

sCD80

CLL

n = 34

Univariate

+

Higher levels associated with poorer prognosis

[55]

RA

n = 56

Univariate

+

The levels did not correlate with disease activity

[96]

Acute asthma

n = 16

\

+

\

[100]

sCD86

Leukemia

n = 24

\

+

\

[66]

AML

n = 57

Multivariate

+

Higher levels associated with shorter survival

[67]

Myeloma

n = 299

Multivariate/ univariate

+

Higher levels associated with shorter survival in ABCM + P patients

[68]

RA

n = 35

\

+

\

[101]

SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)

n = 79

\

+

\

[102]

Acute asthma

n = 16

\

+

\

[100]

n = 68

\

+

Higher levels associated with acute asthma exacerbation

[103]

sB7-H3

Glioma

n = 78

Univariate

\

Higher levels associated with high-grade glioma

[72]

ESHCC

n = 149

Multivariate/ univariate

+

Higher levels associated with lower survival rate

[74]

Sepsis

n = 27

Univariate

+

Higher levels associated with a poor outcome

[104]

Chronic prostatitis

n = 91

\

\

\

[105]

MS (Multiple sclerosis)

n = 32

Univariate

–

Lower levels associated with a poorer outcome

[106]

CHB (Chronic HBV infection)

n = 136

Univariate

+

Increased levels associated with the progression of liver cirrhosis

[107]

SLE

n = 78

Univariate

–

Higher levels associated with higher disease activity

[108]

sCD137

Colon cancer

n = 76

\

+

\

[80]

Leukemia and lymphoma

n = 173

\

+

\

[81]

Acute pancreatitis

n = 41

Univariate

+

Higher levels associated with a poor outcome

[109]

ACS (acute coronary syndrome)

n = 180

Multivariate

+

Higher levels associated with increased risk for adverse cardiovascular events

[110]

Multiple sclerosis

n = 26

Univariate

+

Higher levels associated with higher disease activity

[111]

RA

n = 30

Univariate

+

Higher levels associated with higher disease severity

[112]

Acute atherothrombotic stroke

n = 27

\

+

\

[113]