Clinical characteristics and outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced pancreatic injury

Table 2 Clinical characteristics and outcomes stratified by clinical symptoms

Characteristic	Typical pancreatitis symptoms, n = 32	No typical pancreatitis symptoms, n = 50	P
Median time from immune checkpoint inhibitor initiation to peak lipase value (interquartile range)	107 days (3-511)	116 days (8-699)	0.520
Baseline risk factors
History of smoking	14 (44)	21 (42)	1.000
Alcohol consumption	12 (38)	23 (46)	0.498
Type II diabetes mellitus	6 (19)	15 (30)	0.307
Drug allergy	22 (69)	29 (58)	0.360
Prior history of pancreatitis	6 (19)	1 (2)	0.013
Pancreatic metastasis	6 (19)	5 (10)	0.325
Mean biochemistry peak value (standard deviation)
Lipase	3227 U/L (3563)	1989 U/L (1479)	0.032
Amylase	378 U/L (335)	270 U/L (217)	0.082
Computed tomography findings of pancreatitis	8 (25)	3 (6)	0.055
Hemodynamic instability			0.214
Pancreatitis only	5 (16)	2 (4)
Other reasons	6 (19)	12 (24)
Fever	6 (19)	1 (2)	0.013
Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy discontinued	24 (75)	23 (46)	0.012
Treatment for pancreatitis
Intravenous fluids	23 (72)	9 (18)	<0.001
Fluid amount^a	3.9 L (1.4 L)	3.9 L (3.1 L)	0.995
Steroids			0.008
For pancreatitis only	9 (28)	2 (4)
For other reasons also	5 (16)	15 (30)
Mean time from peak lipase value to improvement to grade 1 (standard deviation)	55 days (54)	53 days (48)	0.877
Outcomes^b	2 (6)	9 (18)	0.188
Pancreatic pseudocyst	2 (6)	1 (2)	0.557
Hospitalization	15 (47)	0 (0)	<0.001
Diabetes	1 (3)	1 (2)	1.000
Chronic pancreatitis features	1 (3)	2 (4)	1.000
Recurrence	1 (3)	3 (6)	1.000

^aThe amount of intravenous fluid administered within 48 hours after the onset of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced pancreatic injury was recorded.
^bIncluding short-term outcomes (pancreatic pseudocyst and hospitalization) and long-term outcomes (diabetes, chronic pancreatitis features, and recurrence)