Clinical characteristics and outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced pancreatic injury

Table 4 Clinical characteristics of patients who had adverse outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced pancreatic injury (chronic pancreatitis, diabetes, and recurrence)

Characteristic	No. (%)		P
Characteristic	Adverse outcomes, n = 11	No adverse outcomes, n = 71	P
Mean duration of ICI therapy (standard deviation)	412 days (361)	200 days (197)	0.006
Checkpoint inhibitor type			0.739
CTLA-4–based therapy^a	3 (27)	26 (37)
PD-1/L1 monotherapy	8 (73)	45 (63)
Clinical presentation
Epigastric pain	2 (18)	30 (42)	0.188
Nausea and vomiting	2 (18)	21 (30)	0.720
Fever	1 (9)	6 (8)	1.000
Dyspnea	0 (0)	17 (24)	0.109
Hemodynamic instability	1 (9)	24 (34)	0.159
Mean peak lipase value (standard deviation)	1700 U/L (636)	2592 U/L (2723)	0.285
Computed tomography findings of pancreatitis	1 (9)	10 (14)	1.000
Mean duration from peak lipase value to improvement to grade 1^b (standard deviation)	59 days (33)	53 days (53)	0.693
Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy resumption	7 (64)	28 (39)	0.191
Treatment for pancreatitis treatment
Hospitalization	1 (9)	14 (20)	0.679
Intravenous fluids	1 (9)	31 (44)	0.044
Fluid amount^c	2.1 L (-)^d	3.9 L (2.0)	0.382
Steroids	5 (45)	26 (37)	0.740

^aCTLA-4–based therapy included CTLA-4 monotherapy and combination of CTLA-4 and PD-1/L1 agents.
^bImprovement was defined as return of lipase value to grade 1.
^cThe amount of intravenous fluid administered within 48 hours after the onset of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced pancreatic injury.
^dOnly one patient had data available