Table 1 Selected studies of intravenous oncolytic virus delivery
Study | OV species | Tumors targeted | Sample size | Dose range | Treatment schedule | Intratumoral OV analysis | Adverse events |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Machiels et al. [6] | Adenovirus | Epithelial adeno Carcinomas | 61 | 1 × 1010–1 × 1013 vp | Days 1, 3 and 5 weekly and every 3-week schedule | One patient with colorectal cancer abdominal wall metastasis sample was + by IHC and qPCR 39 days after treatment | Hypoxia, lymphopenia, neutropenia |
Nemunaitis et al. [8] | Adenovirus (ONYX-015) | Solid tumors metastatic to lung | 10 | 2 × 1010–2 × 1013 vp | Weekly in 21 day cycle | qPCR and IHC Virus seen in one tumor biopsy | Flu-like symptoms, transient transaminitis |
Hamid et al. [9] | Adenovirus | Metastatic colorectal cancer | 18 | 2 × 1012 vp | Every 2 weeks | One autopsy patient with tumor at the root of the mesentery by PCR and IHC | flu-like symptoms, chills, fatigue and lethargy |
Rudin et al. [10] | Seneca valley virus | Small cell lung cancer and carcinoid tumors | 30 | 107 – 1011 vp | Single dose | qPCR and IHC one autopsy-derived tumor had + IHC for virus | Flu-like symptoms |
Park et al. [11] | Vaccinia virus-GM-CSF | Treatment-refractory colorectal cancer | 15 | 1 × 106 – 3 × 107 pfu | Every 14 days | Plaque assay on plasma and throat swabs | Flu-like symptoms |
Downs-Canner et al. [12] | Vaccinia virus | Advanced colorectal or other solid cancers | 11 | 3 × 108–3 × 109 pfu | Single dose | qPCR Plaque assay detected 2.5 × 103 pfu in one patient | fever, chills, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fatigue |
Garcia et al. [13] | Adenovirus type 5 | Metastatic melanoma | 12 | 1 × 1013 vp | Single infusion | qPCR Viral DNA was only detected in patients treated with doses > 3.3 × 1011 | flu- like syndrome fever, chills, neutropenia |
Garcia-Carbonero, et al. [7] | Adenovirus | Solid adenocarcinomas | 17 12 by IV 5 by IT inj. | 1 × 1012 vp | Days 1, 3 and 5 followed by tumor resection | Virus hexon protein by IHC found in 10 patients > 80% nuclear staining seen in 21.1% of IT-inj. and 9.4% for IV-inj. Tumor specimens | None |
Mell et al. [14] | Vaccinia virus | Head and neck cancer | 19 | 3 × 108–3 × 109 pfu | Day 3 Day 3 and 8 Days 3, 8, 15 and 22 Radiation 33–35 fractions Cisplatin on days 1, 22 and 43 | qPCR+ in 5 patients (range 4–409 copies/mg) Virus (2.0 × 103 pfu) detected in tongue tumor in 1 patient at 7 days | Rigors, fever, fatigue, rash, hypotension, mucositis, nausea, vomiting |
Samson et al. [15] | Reovirus | Brain tumors | 9 | 1 × 1010 TCID50 | Single one-hour infusion | IHC for reovirus ó3 capsid protein was low in 6/9 tumors igTEM + in 9/9 ISH+  8/9 qPCR+ in 4/7 | Lymphopenia, flu-like symptoms |