Fig. 5

Nanoparticle delivery of IL-1α demonstrates anti-tumor efficacy. a Female BALB/c mice (n = 9–10 mice/treatment group) bearing TUBO-EGFR tumors were treated with cetuximab (CTX, 8 mg/kg, twice/week) for 2 weeks with or without a single administration of IL-1α nanoparticles (IL-1α-NPs (0.5 mg NPs containing 7.5 μg IL-1α)) on the first day of treatment. IgG and empty nanoparticles (EMP-NP) were used as controls. Tumor volumes were measured three times per week. Tumor growth curves shown were stopped after a mouse in any treatment group reached euthanasia criteria. *:p < 0.05. Error bars = SEM. b-e: Shown are spaghetti plots for each individual mouse in each treatment group shown in A. F: Mouse weights were measured three times per week. g-i: Spleens were harvested after therapy and PD-1 + CD4+ T cells (g), CD8+ T cells (h) and CD25 + CD8+ T cells (i) were analyzed using flow cytometry. Error bars = SDM. N = 4–9 per group. *: p < 0.05 vs IgG