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Fig. 1 | Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer

Fig. 1

From: Moving forward to address key unanswered questions on targeting PD-1/PD-L1 in cancer: limitations in preclinical models and the need to incorporate human modifying factors

Fig. 1

Mechanisms of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in human cancer. The main mechanisms by which PD-1 blockade mediates anti-tumor effect, either reinvigoration of tumor-specific T cells in the microenvironment or promoting continuous priming of neoantigens, are balanced by modifying factors: age, mutational burden, immune status, and tumor evasion pathways

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