Table 3 Summary of clinical trials of immune therapies (single agent or combination with angiogenics inhibitors) in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
Type of immunotherapy | Molecules | Trial | Phase | N | Population | mOS | mPFS | ORR | DCR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anti-CTLA-4 | Tremelimumab | Sangro et al. [46] | II | 20 | Pre-treated | 8.2 m | 6.5 m | 17.6% | 76.4% |
|  |  | Duffy et al. [47] | II | 32 | Pre-treated Combination with ablation | 12.3 m | 7.4 m | 26.3% | 63% |
Anti-PD-1 | Pembrolizumab | Zhu et al. [48] | II | 104 | Pre-treated | 12.9 m | 4.9 m | 17, 1% CR | 60% |
|  |  | Finn et al. [49] | III | 413 | Pre-treated | 13.9 m | 2.8 m | 18% | NA |
|  | Nivolumab | El-Kouheiry et al. [50] | I/II | 262 | Pre-treated and naive | NR | 4 m | 20, 1% CR | 64% |
|  | Cemiplimab | Pishvaian et al. [51] | I | 26 | Pre-treated | NR | 3.7 m | 19.2% | 73% |
Anti-PD-L1 | Durvalumab | Wainberg et al. [52] | I/II | 39 | Pre-treated | 13.2 m | NA | 10.3% | 33% at 24 weeks |
Combinations | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Anti-PD-1 + Anti CTLA-4 | Nivolumab + ipilumumab | Yau et al. [53] | II | 148 | Pre-treated | 24-m OS 40% | NA | 31, 5% CR | 49% |
Angiogenesis and immune checkpoints inhibitors | Atezolizumab + bevacizumab | Pishvaian et al. [54] | Ib | 68 | Naive | NR | 14.9 m | 34, 1% CR | 78% |
| Â | Pembrolizumab + lenvatinib | Ikeda et al. [55] | Ib | 18 | Naive | NA | NA | 46% | 92% |
|  | Camrelizumab + apatinib | Xu et al. [56] | I | 16 | Pre-treated | NR | 5.8 m | 50% | 93.8% |
|  | Avelumab + axitinib | Kudo et al. [57] | Ib | 22 | Naive | NR | 5.5 m | 13.6%/31.8% (mRECIST) | NA |
Cytotoxic agents and Anti-PD-1 | FOLFOX4 or GEMOX + camrelizumab | Qin et al. [58] | II | 34 | Naive | NR | 5.5 m | 26.5% | 79.4% |